Unit III Chemistry: the study of matter

Definition:

Matter is anything that has mass and volume.  It has to weigh something and it has to take up space.  Energy(electricity, heat, light, magnetism)  is not matter.

  We can classify matter …(see chart)

   Examples: solutions, mechanical mixtures, compounds, suspensions, element….

We must learn how to describe matter by its properties:

Colour, shape, boiling point, melting point, taste, smell,…

Review of Grade 8

1. Classification

2. Changes of State or Phase  and the names for changes from one to the other

See Diagram

1.  Liquid to gas – boiling(inside) or evaporation(surface)

        2.  Gas to liquid – condensation

        3.  Solid to liquid – melting

        4.  Liquid to solid – freezing or solidification

        5.  Solid to gas directly or reverse -  sublimation

3. Lab equipment and procedures and safety

    Beaker, Erlenmeyer flask,  graduated cylinder…(meniscus or curve in the water).

4.  The Kinetic Molecular Theory

- all matter is made of particles that are moving

- the hotter they are the further apart they are

- in solids they are close and slow , in gases they are fast and further apart

Grade 9 Review

1.  Chemical Reactions:   naming chemicals, writing formula, balancing equations

Example:

CH_4(g)  +    2O_2(g) à   CO_2(g)        +     2H₂O_(g)   +  energy

Methane    Oxygen   Carbon dioxide    Water

Grade 10

1. History of Chemistry

-  Greeks -  matter at some small level was “indivisible” = atoms

-  Alchemy – 1500’s  - magic, iron to gold, philosophers stone

-  England : Boyle – simple unmingled bodies

- France : Lavoisier, Priestly, Cavendish… discovery and naming of pure elements  ( know 1 who discovered one element… Hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorous…)

- Atomic Theory  ( briefly tell what the following people said the Atom looked like, answers on pages   166-176)

Scientist	Describe the model of the atom (sketch a picture)
*Dalton	Indivisible particle, looked like a solid ball “billiard balls”
Thomson	Atoms had charged parts Positive (protons) and Negative (electrons)   +  - + - - + - + + - + -
Rutherford	All of the positive was packed into the middle part of the atom called the    NUCLEUS (protons) surrounded by the negative electrons.
*Mendeleev	Organized the periodic table by elements going from lighter(H-1) to heavier (Uuh-116),  also elements with the same properties are put in the same column!
*Bohr	The atom has a nucleus, and the electrons are going around in orbits. The first orbit or shell hold 2 electrons, The second orbit holds 8 electrons, The third orbit holds 8 electrons….
Quantum Mechanical Model